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Tag: Mechanical vehicle & systems engineering

Mechanical vehicle & systems engineering – Our solutions

Train driver cab with diagnostic display screen and control panel inside a FLIRT1 electric multiple unit.

Ensuring long-term availability of FLIRT1 EMUs

Customer: Hessische Landesbahn GmbH, Germany

Project tasks

  • Obsolescence analysis
  • Definition of replacement hardware architecture
  • Software porting to new Compact-PCI platform
  • Linux OS adaptation
  • EMC planning (EN 50121-1)
  • CSM analysis
  • Requirement capture
  • Test specification development
  • Laboratory validation
  • Prototype retrofit support (on-site)
  • Creation of retrofit documentation
  • Support during fleet rollout

Our approach

The FLIRT1 Electric Multiple Units (EMU) operated by Hessische Landesbahn GmbH were equipped with a Compact-PCI diagnostic computer that became obsolete and unavailable on the market.

The diagnostic computer records vehicle events and fault logs while displaying failure messages and troubleshooting guid-ance to the driver. Although the system is not safety-relevant, it is operationally essential for efficient maintenance and fleet availability.

Due to increasing component ageing and an expected rise in hardware failures, the obsolete unit had to be replaced by a successor model with full functional equivalence. The validated vehicle software architecture needed to remain unchanged, in order to classify the measure as maintenance acc. to (EU) 2016/797.

PROSE developed a risk-minimised hardware migration concept that preserved the existing vehicle software architecture.

We replaced the obsolete MEN Compact-PCI computer with a Duagon Compact-PCI successor model and ported the existing application software to the new platform. The Linux operating system environment was adapted to ensure identical system behaviour.

We implemented necessary interface adjustments without changing the validated vehicle software architecture. Our scope included:

  • Porting and validation of the application software
  • Creation of installation images
  • Development of test specification
  • Execution of a Common Safety Method (CSM) analysis
  • Requirement capture documentation
  • Preparation of an Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) plan according to EN 50121-1
  • Laboratory validation and on-site prototype verification

We implemented and validated a prototype retrofit as the basis for a seamless fleet-wide rollout. In close collaboration with a specialised software partner, we ensured efficient implementation and full technical traceability.

Customer benefit

Hessische Landesbahn secured the long-term availability of its FLIRT1 fleet without functional changes or impact on the validated vehicle software architecture.

The reuse of the existing installation space reduced retrofit effort and vehicle downtime. The structured CSM process and comprehensive documentation ensured regulatory compliance and full technical traceability.

Through a structured engineering approach and comprehensive documentation, PROSE ensured regulatory compliance, tech-nical traceability and a reliable basis for long-term fleet opera-tion. Our independence from original equipment manufacturers enabled a pragmatic, lifecycle-oriented solution focused on availability and maintainability. A successfully validated prototype forms the basis for the fleet roll-out currently being prepared.

 

      

Hyperloop capsule vehicles in tube infrastructure, illustrating maglev transport concept and advanced bogie design development.

HyperTransfer: Assessment of conceptual bogie design

Customer: HYPERLOOP Transportation Technologies Inc., USA

Project tasks

  • Review and assessment of existing conceptual bogie and chassis designs
  • Technical clarification with the customer and co-development partners
  • Development of a multibody simulation (MBS) model of the HyperTransfer vehicle
  • Representation of magnetic levitation forces using simplified spring models
  • Modelling all relevant kinematic degrees of freedom
  • Integration of mechanical backup suspension systems (wheels and/or skids) to analyse limit cases and residual clearances

Our approach

The project supported the early development and feasibility assessment of a magnetic levitation vehicle within the HyperTransfer concept developed by HYPERLOOP Transportation Technologies. The vehicle represents a new class of guided transport systems, combining railway vehicle engineering principles and magnetic levitation (maglev) technology.

In an initial step, the customer required an independent assessment of a conceptual bogie and chassis design to support ongoing feasibility studies and early design decisions. This required engineering expertise with proven experience in rolling stock design as well as magnetic levitation systems.

In subsequent development phases, the feasibility assessment of the HyperTransfer vehicle required a detailed multibody simulation (MBS) model. The model enabled dynamic simulations, derivation ofload assumptions, and kinematic analyses, providing a technical basis to support further design and validation activities.

PROSE applied a structured two-step engineering approach tailored to the early development phase of the HyperTransfer vehicle.

In the first step, we reviewed the existing design documentation, formulated targeted technical questions, and performed an independent assessment of the conceptual bogie and chassis design. This work was carried out in close collaboration with the HYPERLOOPTT design team and its co-development partners through technical meetings and focused design reviews.

In the second step, PROSE developed a multibody simulation (MBS) model representing the HyperTransfer vehicle. The model includes the capsule, the secondary suspension between capsule and chassis, and the load-carrying chassis components up to the primary suspension interface to the levitation magnets.

PROSE’s combination of railway vehicle engineering expertise and specific know-how in magnetic levitation systems differentiated our approach and ensured a technically robust and application-oriented solution.

Customer benefit

By working with PROSE, the customer received independent and experienced engineering support during a critical early development phase of the HyperTransfer concept. PROSE’s in-depth expertise in chassis and railway vehicle design, combined with practical experience in magnetic levitation systems provided valuable technical assurance.

The structured assessment and simulation-based approach enabled the customer to make informed design decisions identify technical constraints at an early stage, and reduce development risks.

PROSE’s ability to bridge conventional railway engineering and advanced maglev concepts enabled the customer in progressing efficiently from concept evaluation towards detailed development, with a clear and technically robust basis for further design activities.

 

AI-based tram rail lubrication system showing data acquisition from acoustics and GPS, fleet swarm intelligence, and predictive lubrication decisions.

Noise and wear reduction for trams with AI-based rail head lubrication

Customer: BERNMOBIL, Switzerland

Project tasks

  • Project management
  • Concept development
  • System integration
  • Data analysis

Our approach

The operation of a railway vehicle causes noise and wear on wheels and rails. These issues can be reduced by lubricating the wheel-rail contact point. However, excessive lubrication can pose a safety problem, as it reduces traction forces and increases braking distance, potentially causing ecological pollution.

Together with our partners, we have developed a system as part of a research project supported by the Federal Office of Transport (FOT) that makes it possible to condition the rail head as needed. Sensors installed on the vehicle measure status parameters and feed them to an AI installed on the vehicle. The machine learning model analyses the data, determines the need for conditioning and synchronises this with other vehicles operating on the rail network. Based on this information, each vehicle decides for itself at which point in the rail network conditioning must be initiated by the on-board lubrication system.

Customer benefit

In addition to fully automatic lubrication, the customer has access to comprehensive noise monitoring, which allows sources of noise to be localised at an early stage if they have not already been completely eliminated by the system. Since relevant influencing variables are known through the machine learning model, most noise sources can already be detected predictively and avoided altogether.

Communication between the vehicles creates a form of fleet-wide intelligence, enabling complete coverage of the fleet and the entire route network without having to equip each individual vehicle with expensive measurement technology. Thanks to the measuring system installed, other conditions can be monitored in addition to noise, such as ride comfort, wear between wheel and rail, and the infrastructure.

The customer benefits from our deep understanding of wheel–rail interaction and tram system behaviour, as well as our hands-on technical engagement throughout development.

 

   

Vande Bharat train at platform – sleeping car unit representing bogie design validation project in India.

Design validation of bogies for Vande Bharat sleeping cars

Customer: Ramkrishna Forgings Limited, India

Project tasks

  • Bogie design validation
  • Creation of 3D models for all bogie types
  • FEA of the bogie frame types and high-loaded components
  • Preparation of bogie frame fatigue test specification
  • Welding inspection onsite
  • Update of existing drawings to improve manufacturing quality

Our approach

PROSE was commissioned by RAMKRISHNA FORGINGS LIMITED (RKFL) to perform independent design validation of the bogie assemblies for the new sleeping car coaches of the Vande Bharat train. The work focused on verifying the structural and functional compliance of the existing passenger car bogie for the sleeping car configuration. We performed Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and assessed conformity with relevant railway standards, providing the technical justification required to support the design modifications and approval for operation.

PROSE provided RAMKRISHNA FORGINGS LIMITED (RKFL) with independent technical validation of the bogie design for the sleeping car configuration of the Vande Bharat train. Drawing on our expertise in structural, safety and system analysis, and our deep understanding of international railway standards, we ensured a reliable and efficient assessment of the existing design

Customer benefit

As an independent engineering partner, PROSE supported RKFL from analysis through testing and documentation, helping to secure the operational readiness and approval of the new sleeping cars for service on the Indian rail network. Furthermore, RKFL receives manufacturing documents tailored to RKFL’s production capabilities.

 

    

Assembly of a red funicular carriage with new air suspension chassis during the modernisation of an alpine funicular railway, accompanied by PROSE.

Chassis development funicular railway

Customer: Steurer Seilbahnen AG, Switzerland

Project tasks

  • Project management
  • Weight management
  • Feasibility study
  • Concept development
  • Verification concept and load assumptions
  • Strength calculation
  • Manufacturing support

Our approach

As part of the modernisation of the funicular railway from Unterwasser to Iltios in the Toggenburg region, Steurer Seilbahnen AG selected PROSE as its partner for the development of a custom running gear with air suspension – specially designed for funicular railway applications.

Steurer Seilbahnen AG has designed an innovative concept for a funicular railway chassis with air suspension and one-sided longitudinal force transmission. Building on this foundation, PROSE worked with Steurer to develop detailed requirements specification and carried out a concept validation. The constructive realisation was carried out at Steurer with technical support and coordination from PROSE. Our team handled the full structural design and strength verification, including equalisation safety. We also defined the measuring point plan for the test runs and delivered a comprehensive comparison report to support strength validation. To ensure an optimal solution, close cooperation between all parties involved was key during the iterations between design and strength.

Customer benefit

The combination of Steurer’s and PROSE’s expertise in funicular railways and air suspension resulted in a constructive and efficient co-operation that always kept an eye on all aspects, right through to verification. PROSE’s flexibility and proactive project management – together with Steurer’s practical insight – enabled design optimisations to be seamlessly integrated during procurement and manufacturing. This close cooperation ensured a technically sound, thoroughly verified solution tailored to the specific needs of funicular railways.

 

        

Bogie development for a shunting locomotive

Customer: SCHÖMA Lokomotiven GmbH, Germany

Project tasks

  • Project management
  • Concept development
  • System analysis, System specification, System integration, system design
  • Construction of 3D model of bogie
  • Strength calculation according to EN 13749
  • Proof of driving safety and derailment safety according to EN 14363
  • Bolt calculation in accordance with VDI 2230
  • Design Reviews with peers

Technical data

  • Track gauge: 1435 mm
  • Speed: 80 km/h
  • Minimum track curve radius: 90 m
  • Distance between bogie pivots: 5.8 m
  • Centre distance: 2 m
  • Frame length: 11.8 m
  • Vehicle mass: 60 t
  • Bogie mass less than: 8.8 t
  • Mass of the car body (m1) approx.: 40.4 – 43.4 tons
  • Maximum vehicle mass: 61 t
  • Minimum vehicle mass: 58 t
  • Maximum wheelset load: 15.25 t

Our approach

The project is part of a shunting locomotive platform programme in which SCHÖMA supplied a shunting locomotive to Alstom for a transport authority in Manila, Philippines. The vehicle is a four-axle, diesel-hydraulically driven shunting locomotive for standard gauge with a total vehicle mass of 60 tonnes. PROSE was commissioned to carry out the complete mechanical development of the bogie.

The scope included the design and engineering of the bogie frame, wheelsets, axle boxes, and the integration of all relevant systems and components. A key technical focus was the limited available installation space and, the safe transmission of longitudinal traction and braking forces from the bogie to the carbody, without significantly altering wheelset loads. The project therefore required a robust, space-efficient, and safety-compliant bogie design suitable for effective production and reliable operation.

At PROSE, rail vehicle development follows the V-model in accordance with EN 50126. For this project, the bogie development was focused on the concept design and final design phases, ensuring an efficient and targeted engineering process. Throughout the development, PROSE placed particular emphasis on a production-oriented design approach, using cost-effective and manufacturing-friendly welded structures wherever possible.

In parallel, the design was optimised regarding both production and life-cycle costs, while consistently meeting safety and performance requirements. Compliance with all relevant safety-related EN standards was embedded in the design process. PROSE’s extensive experience in bogie engineering and our deep understanding of standards and manufacturing constraints enabled a balanced and efficient development approach tailored to the customer’s needs.

Customer benefit

Thanks to the timely and successful completion of the project, the customer received rapid and reliable engineering support within a short timeframe. By selecting PROSE, the customer benefited from in-depth expertise in bogie development, significantly reducing internal effort and development time. PROSE delivered a complete, production-ready bogie design, including a full 3D model, proof of strength, track guidance analysis, and detailed component specifications to support procurement.

All relevant systems, including primary and secondary suspension dampers, gearbox, brake system, and longitudinal and transverse stops, were successfully integrated. The critical challenge of transmitting longitudinal forces without increasing wheelset loads was solved through a cranked pull/push rod with a deep linkage connected to a balancer, resulting in low pitching moments and stable wheelset behaviour. Although no specific standards were required by the end customer, PROSE provided comprehensive and standard-compliant proofs of strength and derailment safety, demonstrating conformity with relevant standards such as EN 13749:2024, EN 13979, DVS 1612 and EN 14363:2016.

 

 

Blue and white Västtrafik tram on route 3 to Kålltorp travelling through a historic city street in Gothenburg, Sweden.

Reverse engineering of new gears and housing for trams

Customer: Västtrafik AB, Sweden

Project tasks

  • Measuring of the gearbox housing
  • 3D modelling and technical drawings
  • Material definition
  • Definition of applicable standards
  • Risk assessment
  • Criteria for quality control

Our approach

PROSE applied a hybrid reverse-engineering method that combined mobile 3D scanning, mesh processing, and feature-based CAD modelling to reconstruct the gear housing. In parallel, we coordinated with the third-party supplier Zoerkler to perform precision gear measurement, material analysis, and hardness verification.
All interfaces, tolerances, and functional surfaces were systematically cross-checked against the physical components and validated through a structured CSM-RA risk assessment.
Based on these inputs, PROSE established updated 3D/2D documentation and a technical specification defining material, heat treatment, tolerances and surface-finish requirements in accordance with railway safety and documentation standards.

Customer benefit

The long-term availability of spare parts is ensured through updated and complete technical documentation that enables reliable future manufacturing of spare parts. This significantly reduces the risk of obsolescence for the parts involved.
Thanks to PROSE’s hybrid reverse-engineering approach, combining mobile 3D scanning, mesh processing, and feature-based Computer-Aided Design (CAD) modelling, the technical documentation was delivered in a time-efficient manner. At the same time, we ensured an uncompromised level of safety and quality compared with the current gearbox parts.
Throughout the project, PROSE maintained continuous dialogue with all involved actors to achieve solutions that meet the customer’s needs, supported by our independent position and broad engineering expertise.

 

Railway axle handling equipment with a workshop fixture and CAD model of the axle lift and support console

Design and delivery of an axle lift and support console

Customer: Göteborgs Spårvägar, Sweden

Project tasks

  • Requirement capture
  • Engineering design
  • Manufacturing and logistics
  • Delivery within time, budget and quality
  • Training
  • Verification

Our approach

Our engineering team worked closely with the customer to define the functional and safety requirements for the axle lift and support console. Based on these inputs, we created the original design delivered three years ago, providing a stable and safe solution for axle handling.  For the repeat order, we coordinated the detailed design updates and worked with one of our trusted manufacturing partners to produce the second unit. This follow-up delivery allowed us to refine the proven concept with targeted improvements informed by the customer’s operational experience.

Throughout the project, we ensured clear communication, organised the necessary verification steps, and provided training to support safe and consistent use in the workshop.

Customer benefit

​The customer receives a fixture that supports safer and more controlled axle handling in the workshop. The design reduces the risk of axle movement and helps protect personnel and equipment during maintenance activities.
By working with PROSE, the customer benefits from a partner capable of managing the full chain from requirement capture to design, manufacturing coordination, verification, and training. Our independent engineering approach and familiarity with workshop processes ensure that the delivered solution is practical, reliable, and straightforward to integrate.
The decision to procure a second unit confirms that the original solution met the customer’s expectations and that the updated version continues to support their operational needs.

 

 

Integration and Authorisation Management: Polish Train Radio, Radio Stop Module, Interior and Exterior Foliation

Customer: ODIG – Ostdeutsche Instandhaltungsgesellschaft mbH, Germany

Project tasks

  • Integration engineering of the Polish train radio
  • Integration engineering of the radio stop module
  • Adaptation of the MESA23 system
  • Consideration of the interior and exterior foliation as well as the modification of the train radio system within the verification process
  • Homologation management
  • Authority communication

Our approach

ODEG – Ostdeutsche Eisenbahn GmbH operates passenger transport services in northern and eastern Germany. The fleet consists of Desiro Classic (BR 642) multiple units, among others, manufactured by Siemens Mobility (SMO). The maintenance and repair of the vehicles is carried out by ODIG – Ostdeutsche Instandhaltungsgesellschaft mbH. This is a 100% subsidiary of ODEG. The vehicles currently operate with the existing German authorisation and a German train radio system on a section of line that runs over Polish territory. In future, the vehicles will have to be equipped with Polish train radio system and a radio stop module (RSM). The RSM is a device that is connected to the existing train radio system and integrated into the vehicle’s safety loop via an electromagnetic valve. In this way, the responsible dispatcher can give the “radio stop” command, which opens the vehicle’s safety loop and brings the vehicle to a standstill. In addition, interior foliation in the WC and full-surface exterior foliation had to be installed.

The functionality of the existing MESA23 system will be expanded to include operation with Polish train radio and the radio stop module (RSM). The foliations are handled with regard to all requirements.

Customer benefit

Thanks to the cooperation with PROSE, the customer was able to successfully convert the Desiro Classic railcars (BR 642) to use Polish train radio and the radio stop module (FSM). This not only offers ODEG passengers increased safety during the journey, but also enables smooth operation on the section of line through Polish territory. The application of the interior and exterior foils also contributes to the attractive appearance of the vehicles.

PROSE managed the project from the initial idea to the authorization strategy, preparation of evidence documents and coordination with NoBo/DeBo/AsBo through to communication with the authorities, so that ODIG was able to obtain a significant part of the project scope from a single source.

 

    

Auxiliary bogie development for trams in workshop

Customer: Würzburger Straßenbahn GmbH, Germany

Project tasks

  • Auxiliary bogie development
  • 3D model (3D geometries for individual parts are part of the 3D model)
  • Combined welded assembly and machining drawings
  • Assembly drawing
  • Strength calculation results
  • Track guidance report

Our approach

PROSE has developed a workshop-compatible auxiliary bogie for temporarily relocating low-floor vehicles during maintenance work. The design is deliberately kept simple and allows the vehicles to be picked up without twisting. The aim was to create a solution that is functional, robust and at the same time designed in such a way that it can be manufactured and used independently by the operator. PROSE was responsible for the complete design – from the concept to the production-ready documents.

PROSE has a close relationship with Würzburger Straßenbahn GmbH (WSB), which has developed over the last few years through various successful co-operations. We were able to start designing the bogie quickly thanks to our familiarity with the technical requirements of the WSB fleet.

Our approach was to quickly determine the wheel diameter and by confirming the chosen parameters with the customer. This allowed us to move directly into engineering with a clear, shared understanding.

Throughout the 3.5-month design phase, we kept the process lean and efficient. Monthly status updates ensured the customer remained well-informed without requiring intensive involvement. Thanks to PROSE’s broad technical expertise, unnecessary iterations were avoided, contributing to a timely project delivery.

Customer benefit

Thanks to our close collaboration with the customer and our deep technical understanding, we were able to start development particularly quickly. The customer benefited from our in-depth expertise and understanding and was able to save a lot of time and effort. The solution was tailored precisely to the requirements of the workshop. The complete production-ready documentation, including 3D model, proof of strength and track guidance report, ensured rapid realisation. Thanks to our comprehensive and in-depth knowledge of industry standards, the conditions in the WSB workshop and close collaboration with the customer, we were able to anticipate challenges before they arose.

 

 

Operating load measurement and assessment of fracture mechanics

Customer: RAlpin AG, Switzerland

Project tasks

  • Operating load measurement
  • Wheelset shaft calculation
  • FE calculation
  • Fracture mechanics assessment

Our approach

The customer required two fracture mechanics analyses. On the one hand, the aim was to investigate what causes cracks to form on the back of the wheel flange and which factors contribute to crack growth. On the other hand, there was a need to provide a mathematical basis for the specified inspection interval for the wheelset shafts. Real operating load data should be used as the basis for the fracture mechanics investigations of PROSE.

PROSE carried out an unaccompanied measurement to record the operating loads on the routes travelled. For this purpose, a measuring system was installed directly on a bogie frame. This recorded the position of the vehicle combination over several days using an associated GPS antenna as well as the lateral and vertical acceleration and the rotational speed of the bogie using appropriate sensors. The measurement signals were continuously sent to a central storage unit via the mobile phone network. The real operating loads measured in this way formed the basis for the subsequent fracture mechanics tests.

The wheel disc cracks were investigated using two wheel types used by the customer. The load on these wheel types was simulated using MBS simulation based on the real load data.

To assess the fracture mechanics of the wheelset shafts, a wheelset shaft calculation according to EN13103-1 was carried out in a first step for orientation and to assess the general utilisation of the wheelset shaft. In a second step, cyclic crack propagation calculations were carried out at the critical shaft positions (positions with the highest bending stresses).

Customer benefit

Our fracture mechanics tests confirmed that the cracks in the wheel discs were not caused by braking behaviour or contact with the wheel control arm. Residual stresses were identified as a possible cause of the crack propagation. However, the fracture mechanics assessment of the wheelset shaft also confirmed that the existing test interval provides sufficient safety.

PROSE’s neutral and independent position and in-depth technical understanding gave the customer a solid starting point for further investigations. By utilising data from operational load measurements, the investigation could be tailored to real operating conditions, improving the quality of the results and increasing the client’s confidence in the findings. PROSE’s unique railway engineering expertise and extensive experience with rolling stock provides a bespoke, unbiased analysis that supports effective decision-making and long-term asset management.

 

 

Assessment of Tram Vehicle’s Compatibility with Planned Track Layouts

Customers: Würzburger Straßenbahn GmbH (WSB), Germany; HAVAG Hallesche Verkehrs-AG, Germany; Basler Verkehrs-Betriebe (BVB), Switzerland

Project tasks

  • Ensuring Tram Compatibility: Confirmation that existing tram vehicles can operate on planned track layouts
  • Track Layout Optimisation: Proposal of alternative track layouts that can be passed safely and without causing damage or derailment to the trams

Our approach

The track layouts of tram systems often have very individual characteristics due to the topography or the historical development of city centers. The tram vehicles need to be compatible for these specific infrastructure conditions. As a result, there is limited standardisation or harmonisation between vehicles and tracks in tram systems. Modern tram vehicles are often multi-articulated vehicles. Their vehicle length can extend over several track elements such as changes in horizontal curvature and changes in vertical gradient. In general, all vehicle sections are connected to each other in an almost torsionally rigid manner – apart from a small amount of flexibility in a few roof joints. Long articulated vehicles are therefore often sensitive to torsional loads, such as those that arise when combining small curve radii and large changes in vertical slope.

When planning new tram tracks, the question therefore regularly arises whether the existing vehicles can negotiate the newly planned route. The safety objectives are especially the safety against derailment and the damage-free bearing of the loads that occur. Furthermore, sufficient gaps between vehicle parts or the ground clearance underneath the vehicle can also be objectives.

PROSE investigates trafficability while using multi-body system (MBS) simulations, as they are used internationally during the development of rail vehicles. The simulation model contains the specific properties of the vehicles under assessment. This includes the overall vehicle concept, the detailed mass distribution as well as the individual running gears with their suspension levels, etc. Furthermore, the simulation model includes the track, which is characterised by the track layout to be tested, local track gauges and groove widths as well as any flat grooves. In addition, elastic track bed properties or geometrical track irregularities can be considered.

In the computer simulation, the vehicle models are moved over the planned tracks. The relevant combinations of boundary conditions such as the load, winter stiffening of the rubber springs, the wheel/rail profiles, the running speed etc. are considered. The simulation results are evaluated against assessment criteria from standards (e.g. safety against derailment) or evidence documents of the vehicle (e.g. bearable loads). If trafficability is not yet ensured, PROSE varies the track layout in a stepwise approach. For this purpose, previously agreed premises are followed which parameters, such as the superelevation or vertical slope etc., should be changed as a priority or must remain unchanged e.g. for urban planning reasons.

Customer benefit

An immediate benefit is the planning reliability that results from the proven trafficability of the new track. At the same time, the risk of late effects such as cracks occurring in the vehicle structure after the construction work has been completed is minimised.

 

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